Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, by Bartholomew the Apostle

The Book of Bartholomew, also known as the Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, by Bartholomew the Apostle, is a pseudonymous work of New Testament apocrypha. It survives only in the Coptic language, which was the probable original language of the text. The date of authorship is uncertain. Most scholars favor it to have been been written in the 5th or 6th century, although an even later date of perhaps the 8th or 9th century has been suggested. Much of the work is in the form of an apostolic memoir, a genre common in Coptic homilies.

Much of the work is about the theological implications of the Passion of Jesus. It also includes lists of angelic beings and depictions of heaven, as well as hymns perhaps used for liturgy. The initial section of the Book of Bartholomew is a retelling of the Harrowing of Hell, where Jesus interacts with the personification of Death and frees most souls from Hades in the three day period between his death and resurrection. The middle section of the work is pseudepigraphically attributed to the testimony of Bartholomew the Apostle, a figure who was held in much higher esteem in Egyptian Coptic Christianity than elsewhere. He tells tales of hymns sung by angels and special blessings placed on Mary Magdalene and the apostles. The group celebrates a Eucharist together. The final section shifts to the acts of Thomas the Apostle. Thomas's son Siophanes is resurrected and returns with tales of heavenly geography he traveled while dead; the astonished denizens of the city convert en masse, and Thomas makes Siophanes their bishop. Thomas travels back to the Mount of Olives via cloud, and re-enacts the story of Doubting Thomas where he demands to see the risen Jesus and touch his wounds. Jesus ascends back to heaven, and the apostles celebrate another Eucharist.

The book is not to be confused with the Questions of Bartholomew, a separate work. There is a mysterious Gospel of Bartholomew referred to in some ancient church writings; it is not known whether it referred to this work, the Questions of Bartholomew, or a lost work.

Sources

The text is known from three manuscripts, as well as one fragment from a fourth manuscript. All are written in the Coptic language. The most complete manuscript ("C") is held by the British Library and was acquired by Robert de Rustafjaell in Egypt in the early 20th century. It was created in the 10th or 11th century, and is 24 pages long (48 sides). Two other manuscripts, "A" and "B", were found at the White Monastery in Sohag, Egypt. They have been dated to the 9th or 10th century, but are more fragmentary than the British Library C manuscript. To the frustration of scholars, the pages to A and B were separated and sold piecemeal around the world. The fourth possible fragment is held by the Egyptian Museum of Berlin

Contents

The text starts with a description of Jesus' own comprehension of his own fate, i.e. the crucifixion. It is followed by a tale in which someone attempts to stand in for Jesus (i.e. die in his place), but the priests are initially unable to kill him, even though they try stoning and putting him in an oven.

Subsequently, the text describes Jesus descending into hell, finding Judas Iscariot there, and preaching to him. Jesus then rescues everyone from hell, except for Judas, Cain, and Herod the Great. This is followed by a flashback described by a gardener to the night when angels, fiery chariots, and God, descended to earth, and resurrected Jesus.

Bartholomew is present at the scene, and is shown the highest level of heaven so that he can see the liturgy going on there to celebrate the resurrection. Bartholomew then has a flashback about a divine visitation at the Mount of Olives.

Meanwhile, Thomas is busy resurrecting "Siophanes" (possibly a transcription error and meant to read Theophanes), his son. On returning to life, Siophanes describes what the afterlife was like, while Thomas proceeds to baptise all of the amazed townsfolk, who number some 12,000.

Finally, in order to witness the ascension of Jesus, Thomas is brought to the others via a cloud. At this point Thomas is surprised to see Jesus resurrected (despite having just brought his own son back to life), and celebrates the eucharist with the other apostles. Then they disperse to evangelize.

Title

The 1913 edition of the work published by E. A. Wallis Budge called the work The Book of the Resurrection, by Bartholomew the Apostle. This is because of a subscript found toward the end of the work stating "This is the book of the resurrection of Jesus Christ, our Lord, in joy and exultation. In peace, Amen!" Alin Suciu argued that this was not likely to be correct, given that the most complete C version of the text continues on past this subscript, and this subscript was not intended to title the work. Suicu instead says that the title of the work was just Book of Bartholomew, based on a fragment of manuscript B that had been previously neglected due to the manuscript's separation.

Theology

A common point of speculation about many Egyptian works is the influence of Gnosticism, which seems to have been more popular in Egypt than elsewhere. Wilhelm Schneemelcher remarked that while isolated Gnostic motifs can perhaps be seen, the general tendency of the work is not Gnostic.

Alin Suciu has argued that the work had been intended for liturgical use on the The Day of the Resurrection, 17 Parmouti in the old Egyptian calendar.

Bibliography

• Bull, Christian H.; Tsakos, Alexander (2020). "The Book of Bartholomew: A New Translation and Introduction". In Burke, Tony (ed.). New Testament Apocrypha: More Noncanonical Scriptures. Vol. 2. Eerdmans. pp. 87–126. ISBN 978-0-8028-7290-6.
• Schneemelcher, Wilhelm (1963) [1959]. "Coptic Texts of Bartholomew". In Schneemelcher, Wilhelm (ed.). New Testament Apocrypha: Volume One: Gospels and Related Writings. Translated by Wilson, Robert McLachlan. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. pp. 484–486, 503–508.
• Suciu, Alin (2015). "The Recovery of the Lost Fragment Preserving the Title of the Coptic Book of Bartholomew". Apocrypha 26. pp. 239–259.
• Suciu, Alin (2015). "The Book of Bartholomew: A Coptic Apostolic Memoir.". Apocrypha 26. pp. 211–237.

External links

• Coptic Apocrypha in the dialect of Upper Egypt - pp. xiv ff.
• "Book of Bartholomew", overview and bibliography by Christian H. Bull and Alexandros Tsakos. NASSCAL: e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha.